Submitted by Alex Birch on Sun, 04/06/2008 - 21:19.
Originally trained as a psychologist in the scientist-practitioner model, John Feeney, Ph.D., is today an environmental writer. His current primary areas of focus are population growth and the media's failure to acknowledge the gravity of the global ecological crisis. Today John lives with his family in Boulder Colorado, USA, where he continues to research and to write and speak about ecological topics.
1. Please tell us about how this all started; what sparked your interest and concern for the environment?
First, I want to thank Alex Birch and Corrupt.org for making this interview possible. The questions are great, and I appreciate the chance to share these thoughts with the readers here.
Now to answer the question, I was mildly concerned even in grade school. I remember the thought occurring to me then that overpopulation was probably the biggest problem the world faced. I was also something of an outdoorsman as a teen, so some concern for the environment was natural.
But I drifted away from that and the population issue was squelched in the media and I pretty much forgot about all of it until about five years ago. That's when I moved with my family to tiny Mount Vernon, Iowa in search of a sort of utopian small-town-America life. In some ways it lived up to our hopes. It's a beautiful little Victorian town. But there was a new development going up that would (and will) just destroy the town's character.
I got involved with a group trying to fight the development but wondered why I was the only one advocating a true "no-growth" policy. Everyone else was pushing for "smart growth." As I researched the topic I came to see how pervasive was the rhetoric of the growth industry, hammering away with the message that growth was "inevitable and good" (hence, the defeatist notion that "if we have to grow we might as well make it 'smart growth.'"). I started reading the few alternative voices out there, such as Eben Fodor and Gabor Zovanyi who exposed the truth of such rhetoric and began to point me toward broader environmental issues. I also started a blog to try to debunk developer propaganda.
As I continued, I began to dig into issues I'd merely glanced at in the news: population, climate change, the whole array of environmental declines, peak oil, etc. I suppose everyone sees these mentioned in the news, but for me it took purposefully tracking down and connecting these things to see that we faced a profound global crisis. The convergence, at this moment of history, of several huge ecological problems, all nearing potential global crisis points, made me quite concerned about the future my kids would be heading into.
I was especially drawn to the population issue because it seemed clear it was a driving force behind the growth and sprawl which had first prompted my activism. And it is!
We moved to Boulder, Colorado where I spent about half a year thinking about how to deal with these issues. I decided to go with another blog, this time reaching out not just to my immediate community but to the world. I've used it as a kind of home base on the Web, and hope now to be able to reach out more to some large publications in an effort to reach more people.
2. Many people today witness how once green, untouched land is being transformed into concrete suburbs and shopping malls at a rapid speed. The effect and impact are overwhelming; how do you think this development is affecting the human mind? Does the lack of free, wild, untouched nature have a negative psychological impact on how we feel, think and behave as individuals throughout our everyday life?

A fascinating question. First let me just underscore what you point out by mentioning that I grew up in the Phoenix, Arizona area. It's been one of the fastest growing cities in the US for many decades. A few years ago I came across the population statistics for Scottsdale, a suburb of Phoenix. I can't find the link now, but if I recall correctly the population numbers were... 1950: 2000, 1960: 10,000, 1970: 68,000, and on up to something like 225,000 today.
One advantage of being a half century old, is that I've been around long enough to have seen first hand what urban growth and population growth have done. I remember some dirt streets in Scottsdale in the '60s. No one new to the area today would believe that. There was vast, beautiful desert to the North which today is housing developments and car dealerships. And while I can't prove it, I would contend it was a far more liveable place 40 years ago. Today, it could pass for just another suburb in West L.A. There's an amazing video showing the history of sprawl in the Phoenix area, how it's completely transformed such a huge amount of land.
But yes, I think the shrinking amount of untouched land has to have a negative impact on our ways of thinking and behaving. Oddly enough, though, despite my background in psychology this is something I've only recently begun to look into. So I'll just share a quick thought or two.
We've replaced wilderness with concrete and maybe a smattering of trees and grass. We spend most of our time in homes not at all of the earth. This has to affect our ways of perceiving ourselves, our surroundings, and the connectedness of the two.
Some have noted that, compared to us, hunter-gatherers had/have a tremendously heightened awareness of their surroundings. I suspect they'd see us as dulled in our ways of perceiving much of the world.
One has to wonder, as well, how a disconnection from the natural world may impact a person's emotional life or patterns of psychopathology in our culture as a whole. Such disconnection coincides with disconnection from other people as our social organization today is completely different from the smaller, more cohesive groups which were characteristic of hunter-gatherer cultures.
Now I won't argue there was ever a utopian culture. I'm not even sure there was ever a truly ecologically sustainable culture. (Certainly many came much closer than ours today). But this isolation from nature and loss of social connection which was once integral to living has to have had some serious, pervasive impacts. There is a growing field of "ecopsychology" which I have not looked at closely, but which examines those among other issues.
3. Some people have spent their whole life in vast cities and never been in real contact with wild forests. How do you think the ever-increasing urbanization is affecting the interest and understanding for nature in general? Is it true that what we don't see nor hear, we don't think of?
I think so. We are progressively out of touch with the natural world. In the US there are fewer visitors to national parks than there were a few decades ago – which is remarkable considering that the US population is much bigger now. This is of course good for the parks (perhaps outweighed though by the spread of chemical toxins to the parks) but hints, I think, at a troubling loss of interest in the wilderness, in nature. I have to think it makes it more difficult under such conditions to generate concern among people about the state of the environment.
That is, in fact, almost certainly a major reason behind our having let things slide as far as we have. Just to summarize, we see a long list of environmental problems including a mass extinction of species, climate change, extreme overfishing of both the oceans and fresh water environments, deforestation, huge "dead zones" in the oceans, extensive loses of coral reefs, the global spread of chemical toxins (e.g., fire retardant in the bloodstreams of polar bears, who are themselves threatened), the peaking of world oil production, and projections of serious water shortages to come. The real worry is that all of these are converging at once. The big ones, like mass extinction, climate change, and oil depletion are all nearing crisis points, and all have the potential for major societal impacts.
It's difficult to drum up concern, though, when most of us feel separate from nature and have the sense things are just going along as usual in our urban lives. But we're still living within and dependent for out lives on the biosphere even if we've made our immediate surroundings (e.g., a city) quite artificial. Somehow we need to get people to appreciate that they're still dependent on the web of life and are just one of millions of species within it. We also need to come to an understanding that humans have no special privileges among species. Then maybe we'd treat other species more respectfully – which simultaneously means saving ourselves.
4. After global warming became a worldwide phenomenon via public media, there has been a growing interest in turning environmentalism into a "green lifestyle." Do you believe this has had an overall positive effect on environmentalism action in general, or is modern green awareness fading out into just another social trend?

Mainly the latter. It may have had a few positive effects, but on the whole I think it's been a tremendous distraction and to a large extent a waste of time. Look at the more popular environmental sites on the Web or even at most of the major environmental organizations these days. The focus is mostly on how to "go green" in your lifestyle, what kind of products to buy, how to reduce your driving, and sometimes on considerations of things like carbon trading schemes. People get the message that this is what environmentalism is about.
While some of those things do have value, their emphasis is an evasion of fundamental ecological truths. There are far too many people consuming too much. The overconsumption part does get some play (which is why I don't focus on it much), but the "too many people" part is avoided at all costs by most environmentalists and groups. This has the potential to go down as the most tragic instance of intellectual dishonesty in human history.
We also have a corporate driven economy based on a notion of endless growth. This ties into the population issue in complex ways, but suffice it to say an economy cannot grow endlessly on a finite earth any more than can the human population. Yet economists tend to be aghast at the thought of stopping growth. They fail to consider that there will be no economy at all without a viable global ecosystem.
I think the economic growth issue is beginning to get some attention among mainstream environmentalists. The UK magazine, The Ecologist, just did a cover story on it. And George Monbiot wrote about it in a recent article. Unfortunately, he used it to try to dismiss the importance of population, weaving a terribly flawed argument resting on a blatant, basic math error. (For interested readers, I talk about that in a post on my blog.)
I'm afraid Monbiot's stance is, at this point, simply in line with what gets approval from the left. It's beginning to be okay to question economic growth, but talking about population remains politically incorrect. The writers on the right are even worse; they deny environmental problems in the first place, and argue that unending population growth is a good thing.
This is why I'm shifting most of my focus to population. Among these basic ecological issues, that's where there's a real need for more voices.
5. It's become popular among corporations to produce products labelled "green," something that seems to have sparked a recent consumer interest in this field. Is there a danger in equating environmentalism with the consumption of "green products"?

Yes, it gives people the impression that they're being good environmentalists if they simply buy the right products, if they just make sure they buy the non-toxic stuff or the biodegradable stuff. Not only does it blind them to much bigger and more fundamental issues such as population, but it also promotes continued consumption at rates (population size x average per capita consumption) the earth can't sustain.
We're seeing some corn based plastics, for instance, which are supposed to be biodegradable. There's value in that. But as we're seeing with ethanol, as we shift agriculture toward producing other products, be they fuel or plastics, we ultimately take away from food production. One way or the other, there are trade-offs and costs, and as long as we remain at numbers so vastly in excess of what the earth can support sustainably we'll run into them.
We can and should switch to hybrid and then electric cars but they still involve a physical throughput of material "stuff" (such as mined metals which exist in the earth in finite amounts) at rates beyond the earth's absorptive and regenerative capacities.
6. Why is the issue of population growth among many environmentalists, the public media and the world political arena, either not acknowledged or seen as a taboo problem?
The most complete article on this is by Roy Beck and Leon Kolankiewicz. They focus on the issue of US population, but many of their points apply to the global issue as well. Dave Foreman (Earth First! founder) also wrote a good piece on it. (PDF)
There are a number of elements at work. In my experience two stand out especially strongly. First, the environmental movement used to emphasize things like wilderness protection and land conservation. That was when it was represented by people like David Brower. People read and appreciated an author like Edward Abbey. But environmental organizations have since become dominated by folks with a different agenda.
As Beck and Kolankiewicz point out, they began making noise as long ago as the early 1970s. They came from backgrounds focused more on social justice and human rights, and have shifted the focus of environmentalism from conservation to things like the human environment and urban health issues. A part of this has been a shift from population numbers to things like "reproductive justice." Any discussion of population numbers is seen as a violation of a woman's right to control her own fertility. The problem, of course, is how to bring numbers down without talking about numbers. Hmmm...

The political roots of this trend were, to some extent, in socialism, and the tendency is to see all problems as matters of social justice inequities and unfair distribution of resources. That is, there is no real population problem, only political unfairness, and any focus on numbers is seen as a distraction from these, the "real" problems. Advocates of this notion, such as Betsy Hartmann at Hampshire College (You can see her views in this discussion.), believe we cannot effectively attend to such issues as women's rights and poverty as long as we focus on population numbers. They also believe a focus on numbers has to lead to inhumane actions. These are both, rather obviously, logical errors. There is no reason we can't address important issues of human rights and welfare while also addressing population. And humane, successful population programs in countries as varied as Mexico, Thailand, and Iran contradict the notion that attention to numbers has to mean inhumane interventions.
More fundamentally, the trouble with this thinking is that there is, in fact, such a thing as an ecological problem. There is such a thing, on a finite earth, as too many people – pure and simple. We've far overshot carrying capacity and, importantly, no remotely realistic amount of reduction of per capita consumption would, at our current and projected numbers, be enough to bring us back down to within Earth's limits. (More to come on that. I'm trying to interest a major paper or other publication in an article I've written which, IMHO, is a very solid proof of that last statement.) Remember, our total resource consumption is the product of population size times per capita consumption. At this stage, we absolutely have to reduce both. But population is actually a bit more fundamental. Only the lack of a consumer can mean no consumption at all. And had we far fewer people on Earth, we wouldn't be worried about individual consumption levels. But those who protest any focus on numbers or any intervention aimed at reducing fertility rates often go so far as to deny a population-environment link.
For some excellent observations about the tendency to see ecological problems as purely political I'd recommend William Catton's book Overshoot. It's one of the best books for getting at the essence of all these topics, by the way.
At any rate, their position really crystallized at the UN's 1994 conference on population in Cairo. Responding to pressure groups, leaders there decided to go along with the idea of avoiding dealing with population in terms of numbers in favor of a focus solely on social issues, some of which are thought to be linked to population growth. A major report from the UK last year summarized this very well. It solicited the input of scores of scientists and population experts, and concluded that this shift of attention has been a serious setback to the population issue and to environmental matters worldwide.
Those opposing addressing population are, I should also say, extremely anthropocentric or speciesist if you will. Everything is seen as a matter of human rights with no regard whatsoever for the rights of other species which are disappearing at rates 100 to 1000 times normal. Anthropologist Jeffrey McKee at Ohio State University has demonstrated convincingly that this "sixth extinction" (the fifth eliminated the dinosaurs) is due primarily to our sheer, growing numbers.

That's a key point too; the sixth extinction is a breakdown in the very web of life. Even those who can't appreciate the moral issue of extinguishing other species should be able to realize humans are as dependent on the web of life as any other plant or animal. This mass extinction will continue as long as our numbers keep growing. I think it may be the most compelling reason to reverse our population growth.
The second factor has to do with immigration. Among the few environmentalists willing to tackle population, some observe that the US's (and Canada's, and many EU nations') population growth is now largely immigration driven. The US total fertility rate (average number of children born per woman) has, for about three decades, been close to the replacement rate of 2.1. With no immigration or emigration that would mean that in a few more decades the population would stabilize. But with legal immigration levels near 1 million per year, possibly a comparable level of illegal immigration, and far less emigration, population will simply keep growing unless immigration levels are reduced.
The carrying capacity of the US is probably less than 200 million and we're now over 300 million. So, purely for environmental reasons, some population activists urge immigration reduction. It's a valid argument, and I think it should be on the table, open for discussion. But its a magnet for accusations of racism. Even though legal immigration to the US was in the neighborhood of 200,0000 in the 1960s (after which a change in the law allowed it to rise) and there's always been some limit, any call for discussion of limits based on environmental factors draws shouts of racism. Even those who point out that it's purely a matter of numbers, that it would make no difference if all immigrants were coming from Scandinavia, get hit with the same accusations.
The irony is that those on the left making such accusations are playing right into the hands of the corporate uber-capitalists who want unlimited immigration so that they don't have to pay a living wage.
In any case, it's the same kind of intellectual dishonesty which pervades other aspects of the population debate. It's ideology put before rational thought, logic, and intellectual honesty.
In my case, in my heart, I don't like the idea of immigration restrictions, but from an environmental point of view I see no way around the issue.
The immigration issue and consequent fear of being labelled "racist" is a key reason why many environmentalists avoid the population topic. For the NGOs I'm sure it's a fear of a loss of funding. For individual writers it's just plain fear of criticism, I suppose. They put their fear of criticism ahead of their concern for the planet and the potential loss of billions of lives.
I will add that my own politics have historically leaned toward the left. But I've been so disillusioned by the intellectual dishonesty I've witnessed from those on the left in investigating the population issue, including the Green Party, that I've returned to just calling myself an "independent" as I did at an earlier time in my life.
There are other factors as well, such as pressure from the Catholic church, but the two above are the ones I see the most clearly on a day to day basis.
7. Many people logically realize we need to do something about the environmental problems, but inevitably feel helpless as lonely individuals when considering the powerful financial and political interests that seem to control how most of our society works. What is your advice to those who want to help and do something constructive for the environment? Is there hope for action on an individual level or do we need to be a part of the system to change it?

I have no pat answer here. But I have a few thoughts. First, just working within the existing system, I think a large enough number of individual actions can indeed have an impact. I write in the hope of adding to whatever chorus there is on these topics, with the aim of raising awareness. With enough awareness, I think you get a certain critical mass which leads to significant action.
We've seen this to some extent with regard to climate change. True, much more action is needed, but the rising chorus on climate change, mostly from the scientific community, had sparked international meetings, new policies, etc. If it continues to grow, there will be more change. I don't know if it will be enough, but it's significant. If we could generate a similar chorus and increase in awareness concerning population and, more broadly, the whole global ecological crisis (the troubling convergence of things like peak oil, mass extinction, climate change, aquifer depletion...), we might really see some action instead of the complete lack of action we see now.
The more awareness there is, the greater the chance talented people will come up with ideas or organizations that really make a difference. Just imagine what it would be like if people with talents like those of the guys who founded Google were to apply the same ingenuity and creativity to tackling the ecological crisis.
Much of the way I think about trying to have an impact revolves around the idea of getting the most "bang for the buck." I think it goes back to my time as a professional poker player and learning the importance of thinking about those concepts which really made big differences in one's results rather than all the minutia which, while interesting, can bog players down in unimportant stuff.
While it may sound hokey, I actually think letters to the editor have a lot of "bang for the buck." They're quick and easy to write and large numbers of people do read them! Similarly, you can leave comments under posts on the blogs with really large readerships such as this one. (He's been touching on the population issue, though so far hasn't quite grasped the nature of overshoot.) Or start a petition here and get thousands of people to sign it and send it to their government representatives.
My general advice would be to go with your strengths. If you're decent at online research and writing you might take a route similar to mine. If you're a good organizer, you might think about forming an activist group of some sort. If you can teach, then try to reach as many young people as possible with ecological concepts not often taught today prior to college. If you like working on the Web or have site-building skills, build a site and promote it. This site (Corrupt) appears to me to be doing exceptionally well in that regard. It seems to have developed a large readership, and there are short and longer term plans for growth and ideas for how to accomplish specific goals.
But to maximize your impact in relation to the energy and time you expend, think about "bang for the buck."
All of the above are "within the system" actions. As I understand it, Corrupt is of course interested in seriously transforming or perhaps ending the system as we know it. That is a large challenge, to say the least, but I fully agree with going right to the root causes of the problems we see today.
I see a lot of validity to the argument, for instance, that the fundamental structures of civilization are untenable and unsustainable. I may ultimately go more in the direction of a Derrick Jensen. And I feel a definite affinity for the rewilding movement. There is much to be said for acknowledging civilization itself is the problem and taking it from there. But for now I have some things I hope to accomplish in just raising awareness of some basic problems.
So, at this point, the question of how to take the foundations out from under the "system" itself is not my expertise. But I'm sure the readers here need no introduction to those who have thought about and are involved in such things.
Questions from our readers

From Markus Nordman
8. You recently changed focus to writing for "larger venues." What kind of hope do you hold out for the Internet in general to get crucial environmental messages to the general public, or to enable change?
I still believe the Internet is a very powerful tool. If I'd wanted to spend more time promoting it I might have simply stuck with my blog, adding to its readership, ultimately forming a nonprofit organization, hiring some help and competing with the larger environmental sites. There are blogs and sites out there with huge readerships. But I'm not keen on that kind of work, and I see an opportunity to leapfrog all of that and just write for publications which already have huge readerships. The cost is that I have to go around begging people to publish my articles. But with added successes that should become easier.
On the other hand, the Web always holds out that possibility of launching a site based on a new idea which really takes off. That can be very attractive.
9. As a psychologist and poker player tackling major environmental problems, how much do your readings of the motivations of people or groups attacking or denying these issues actively play into your approaches (if at all)?
Well, I think about that some. I do try sometimes to speak to those motives in my arguments. For instance, I try to point out to those on the left who avoid the population issue that addressing population is one of the greatest humanitarian steps we can take. I may do a bit more of that, much as mainstream environmentalists do in convincing corporations that they can profit more from "going green." (I think it might help to nudge corporate heads to think about their children and grandchildren and the world they'll inhabit.) But so far I've mostly just to relied on the power of truth (as I see it), assuming that trying to get the truth in front of enough people will make a difference.
10. How do you feel about the notion of certain peak oil adherents that peak oil will effectively "solve" looming ecological problems?
Well, on a certain level it will help, as long as oil isn't replaced by coal. But on other levels some think it and related problems will trigger terrible humanitarian problems in places like Sub-Saharan Africa and subsequently elsewhere. The ideal course would be to start weaning ourselves off of oil, moving to renewables and helping developing countries do so, while lowering fertility rates enough to allow world population to start shrinking. But our leaders don't usually go along with the ideal course, eh?
11. What role do you see in addressing immigration with regard to world population issues? Clearly this is a major sticking point even among advocates of population reduction.
To what I touched on above I'll just add that one good argument for including immigration in the population discussion is that, as Al Bartlett has written, (PDF) it's hard for the US to tell others to reduce their population growth if we aren't doing so with our own. We can take the moral high ground by setting an example.

And addressing population is only going to happen on a country by country basis. Unless we're happy to let environmental degradation run amok in the countries attracting the most immigration, then it seems those countries with populations growing mostly as a result of immigration need to think about that immigration, no? I see no logical way around it.
12. Hypothetically, assuming a major population reduction on the level necessary for a sustainable future, what dynamics do you see at play that prevent this from occurring again almost as soon as the crisis is "solved?"
If I understand the question, I think you're asking how would we prevent another rapid population increase if we did manage to bring our numbers down sufficiently.
I guess it would me a matter of learning from our mistakes. There needs to be some cultural restructuring to build in processes which would insure against population growth beyond some optimum level. We need also to build in a widespread appreciation for ecological fundamentals. At the moment I see a looming crisis which needs emergency measures just to deal with the symptoms. But from a slightly longer term perspective we need to address the structures of today's civilization which have allowed for so much population growth.
From Sergio Ramirez
13. I've read recently that the average American consumes approximately twenty times as much as the average African. The U.S.A. is also noted for releasing 25% of the world's carbon emissions. If these figures are true (If they are wrong, please do correct), would it be wise to grant foreign countries the same liberties as those here in the States? How would one go about reducing such rapid consumption?

Those figures are probably in the right ballpark. They do highlight a key point. Population growth in the US is especially problematic because each person added here has a much larger ecological footprint than one added in a place like Africa or India or China. On the other hand, India, China, and other countries are growing economically very, very fast. As their populations continue growing (and India is expected to surpass China as the most populous country), so do their per capita consumption levels. That's a road to disaster. (Again, it's that equation, population size x average per capita consumption.)
In addition to further attention to population then, developed countries should aim considerable resources at assisting developing countries to transition to renewable energy as fast as possible.
Economically, the African countries are not at the same stage as, say, India and China. I have seen some writers use that to dismiss the problem of population growth there. That's nonsense. The crisis in Darfur is strongly population-related. And species threatened with extinction include the African lion (numbers down 90% since the1980s), chimpanzees, gorillas, etc. Africa is seeing some of the fastest population growth rates in the world, and the increase in sheer numbers, apart from energy use, has profound environmental impacts not acknowledged by those who dismiss it.
From a slightly different angle we must recognize that if things get much worse in Africa, with more Darfur-like situations and other humanitarian crises, reducing population growth there is one of the few measures which can help soften the blow. Fewer people born means fewer born into suffering, fewer deaths, and fewer competing for the same insufficient resources.
Moreover, those who dismiss the population issue in Africa on the basis of current energy usage seem to be accepting a continuation of abject poverty. If we hope to see Africa come out of poverty, it will mean increased per person consumption, which will mean even more need to attend to population.
I don't think we can begrudge other countries their desire to raise their living standards, but we can help them deal with population growth and begin radically shifting to alternative forms of energy. Our help in these areas is mostly quite welcome. A shift of a small fraction of the ungodly US military budget to these issue would go a long way.
From Milo Weinberg
14. What is the single greatest obstacle (be it social, political, psychological, etc.) faced by radical environmentalists as they attempt to disseminate their ideas throughout the mainstream?

Tough question. I think there are interrelated layers of obstacles. Two big ones come to mind and it's hard to pick just one. There's our whole modern view of ourselves in nature. The ideas I and many radical environmentalists try to convey fit essentially into the "deep ecology" view. To really get it, requires a shift in how we see ourselves as a species. Trying to get through to those who can't look at things that way is one obstacle.
Then there's the media's resistance. The mainstream media are not very open to publishing ideas that depart from, well, the mainstream. The semi-alternative media such as some of the medium sized "progressive" publications resist publishing ideas that run counter to their strongly held ideologies. So the media put up obstacles to reaching large numbers of readers.
Behind the media's resistance are politics and economic issues, and behind those are emotional issues. An editor may be so wed to an ideology that it's a part of his or her self image. To accept an article which contradicts that ideology may thus be a threat to self image. So much of what we see in most any heated debate is just two sides' respective efforts to protect self images in which they are heavily invested emotionally. I think the same goes on in trying to break through media barriers to get more radical (truthful) ideas published.
15. Do you believe that we'll reach the point where a sufficient proportion of the ruling class will "get it" about the population crisis before natural factors (epidemic disease, warfare, serial killers, etc.) begin to work more stridently to reduce human numbers?
Man, I hope so. We're not very close right now. But I do think we're a smidgen closer than we were a couple of years ago. It's a subjective judgement, but I think I've seen a noticeable increase in articles and other media presentations of relevant topics. You never know when progress will reach a point at which it accelerates.
It's an uphill battle though. Just published was a book, now getting a lot of press, offering the nonsensical view that because there have been some past failures and abuses in trying to reduce population growth we should abandon such efforts. Betsy Hartmann often uses the same line of argument. It would imply that those trying to fight, say, poverty should conclude, "Well, we've had some failures and some have abused the process. Let's abandon this because it has some problems."
16. Is democracy an adequate political mechanism for gearing society towards ecological sustainability, or do we need to find an alternative? Is there perhaps an inherent failure in the democratic process that prevents long-term planning from becoming popularized?

First let me just mention that there are some who study cognition and brain functioning who think there may be something inherent in the way our brains have evolved which prevents long terms planning. They argue we evolved to deal with immediate threats and can't easily be roused by long term threats. I would hope we could use our cognition wisely to overcome that.
But back to your question. I don't know. Our current system of democracy is clearly broken. But whether or not democracy per se is the problem is not my area of expertise. I mentioned above though that I do see real merit in grappling with the underlying structures of civilization which have enabled our ecological problems to develop.
17. What are some effective ways of communicating the population issue to consumption-oriented "soft-environmentalists," who'd rather promote a superficial economic reform--and actually enabling them to "get it"?
I think you need to sit them down in a dark room with a spotlight in their faces and force them for hours to try to justify their gutless, unforgivable avoidance of the real issues until they just fall apart and accept that they're wrong and ask to have Ishmael read aloud to them.
But seriously, it's tough. It goes back to the self image problem I mentioned above. I aim some of my efforts at spelling out concepts very simply but accurately, trying to bring a new clarity to some basic arguments. My hope is that a few of those "soft environmentalists" will read and suddenly "get it."
There is also something to be said for approaching such folks individually, diplomatically, and trying to get them to nudge their thinking just a little at a time. But I generally feel I'm not getting a lot of "bang for the buck" that way. Still, I'd love to sit down over coffee with an influential environmentalist such as Monbiot to see if I could make some headway. Typically I do my thing in writing online, but I look forward to a sincere, face to face discussion with someone like that.
From Magus
18. Population growth plays an undeniable role in humanity's impact on the environment. Cities within the developing world spawn people at unprecedented rates. Why is this and what can be done to prevent it?
That's a complex issue. There are a few theories. There is a somewhat questionable but, I think, not completely invalid notion of the "demographic transition." It would suggest that such parts of the world are just at a predictable stage in economic and social development and may proceed to lower rates of population growth as development continues. Presumably, that development would have to involve such things as education and empowerment of women, improved health care and provision of family planning services, a shift in social norms toward later marriage, and improved child survival (so that families don't assume they need to have many children so that a couple survive).

Add to that the idea, outlined by Daniel Quinn in Ishmael and examined in an article by Russ Hopfenberg, that human population growth, like that of any other species, is merely the result of increases in food production. Social variables have finally lowered fertility rates in developed countries, but they remain high in developing countries simply because we keep increasing the global food supply to meet increases in population. People are made of food after all.
The idea is that famine occurs somewhere – an event which would, in any other species, lead to a decline in population until it returned to within the limits of its food supply. But as concerned humans, we go in with food aid, made possible by our continual growing of the food supply, which allows the population instead to continue growing, thereby promoting further famine.
The answer, from this point of view, is to stop growing the global food supply. Of course the first objection is that this would allow starvation to occur. But if you read discussions about this by Quinn and others, it begins to appear this would not be the case. It is, in fact, the growing of the food supply which fosters much more famine than there would be otherwise. But it's a tricky issue. No question.
We have no guarantee that the demographic transition will continue to happen everywhere. And we're so far into overshoot already that we need to do whatever we can humanely to bring about a more rapid reduction and then a reversal of population growth.
We can do that by fostering things like women's education and empowerment and family planning services, using the media to promote new cultural norms concerning family size and family planning and the role of women, and considering such things as tax credits for smaller families. I'm not sure we'll be able to get governments to stop growing the food supply. It seems unlikely they'll embrace that idea.
But we've waited so long that now some believe we'll need some sort of global one-child-per-family policy. It would definitely have the desired ecological effect, but is obviously a tough sell. But they may be right that things have gone too far to expect otherwise to avert catastrophe. Certainly, the longer we put off committed action, the more extreme the actions we'll have to consider.
19. Why is there no talk of nursing traditional tribal-hunter-gatherer lifestyles that in the past have enabled people to live harmoniously with the environment for centuries to counter this trend?
Great question! The more I've thought about that, the more acceptable the idea seems. While there is evidence hunter-gatherers did transform ecosystems and did contribute to some extinctions, they did come far closer to true sustainability than we do today. Note, however, that a world of hunter-gatherers can't occur at a population of 6.6 billion. It necessitates numbers well under 1 billion.

But note as well that humans were hunter gatherers for all but the last nanosecond of our history. It may well be that it's the only lifestyle with a real shot at sustainability, Certainly, out of necessity, hunter-gatherer populations grew much more slowly, if at all. It's too hard to carry more than one infant at a time from place to place. They made use of methods of population control such as late weaning, wider spacing of children, abortion, etc. They were more aware of ecological limits on population.
Rewilding advocates see this as the future, assuming a major societal collapse and population crash is inevitable. They prepare for that by learning primitive living skills that would allow them to thrive under such conditions.
I think the reason so few take seriously the notion of a return to hunting-gathering is simply that we're so removed from it. It sounds like a silly fantasy. It also sounds awfully rough and deprived of creature comforts. But I've found by just sitting with the idea for a year or so, slowly mulling it over, it's become more palatable. Not completely palatable, mind you, but more palatable. And if you agree that collapse is inevitable (I'm on the fence about it.) then it's clearly in your interest to begin learning how to live as a hunter-gatherer. Personally, as a start, I'm beginning to do more hiking and to get my family into it, and soon will start relearning the backpacking/camping skills I once had. It's also a nice way to get a little bit back in touch with the earth.
But what we'll actually come to is a fascinating question. It seems unlikely that we'll throw out all our technical knowledge. How might we integrate something like a hunting-gathering culture with a more technical one? It's not impossible to envision some sort of hybrid.
Interview was conducted by Alex Birch the 5th of April 2008.
Corrupt would like to thank John Feeney for kindly answering our questions and providing both us and our readers with his extensive knowledge on the topic of environmentalism.
Visit John Feeney's blog at http://growthmadness.org/
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